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The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Save
Free online encyclopedia. Edited by James Fieser, hosted by the University of Tennessee at Martin.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/   

Academy Save
Description of the philosophical institution founded by Plato, which advocated skepticism in succeeding generations.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/academy.htm   

Active Powers Save
The capacities of impulse and desire which lead to or determine human action, as described by 18th and 19th century Scottish common sense philosophy.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/activepo.htm   

Aenesidemus Save
Biography of the 1st century philosopher who defended the ten tropes of skepticism.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/aeneside.htm   

Anaxagoras Save
Greek philosopher born about 500 BCE, responsible for giving philosophy a home at Athens and the first philosopher to introduce a spiritual principle which gives matter life and form.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/anaxagor.htm   

Anaxarchus Save
4th century BCE philosopher of Abdera, from the school of Democritus.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/anaxarch.htm   

Anaximander Save
Greek philosopher of Miletus, born 611 BCE who thought it unnecessary to fix upon air, water, or fire as the original and primary form of body.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/anaximan.htm   

Anaximenes Save
5th century BCE Greek philosopher of Miletus who regarded 'air' as the primary form of body.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/anaximen.htm   

Animals and Ethics Save
Consideration of moral status of non-human animals.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/anim-eth.htm   

Anselm Save
11th century English prelate who developed views of atonement and satisfaction which are still held by orthodox theologians.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/anselm.htm   

Antisthenes Save
Athenian philosopher and founder of the Cynic sect who was born around 440 BCE.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/antisthe.htm   

Aquinas, Thomas Save
The life and work of the major figure in scholastic philosophy.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/aquinas.htm   

Aristippus Save
Description of the life and teachings of the philosopher Aristippus, founder of the Cyrenaic school of philosophy.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/aristip.htm   

Aristotle Save
The life and work of the 4th century BCE Greek philosopher.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/aristotl.htm   

Augustine Save
Extensive article on the life and work of the 4th century ecclesiastical author.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/augustin.htm   

Bacon, Francis Save
16th century philosopher and politician.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/b/bacon.htm   

Bakhtin Circle Save
School of Russian thought centered on the work of Bakhtin which focused on questions of signification in artistic creation.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/b/bakhtin.htm   

Beccaria, Cesare Save
18th century aristocrat whose work 'On Crimes and Punishments (1764)' inspired reform in the Italian criminal justice system.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/b/beccaria.htm   

Behaviorism Save
Theory in philosophy of mind which maintains that talk of mental events should be translated into talk about observable behavior.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/b/behavior.htm   

Bentham, Jeremy Save
Extensive article on the 18th century 'founder' of utilitarianism.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/b/bentham.htm   

Berkeley, George Save
Influential 18th century Irish philosopher.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/b/berkeley.htm   

Berlin Circle Save
Group of academics who gathered round Hans Reichenbach in late 1920s and later joined up with the Vienna Circle.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/b/berlinci.htm   

Bolingbroke, Henry St. John Save
18th century Tory disciple of Locke.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/b/bolingbr.htm   

Butler, Joseph Save
18th century icon of a highly intellectualized theology.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/b/butler.htm   

Caird, Edward Save
Nineteenth century Scottish philosopher who was one of the key figures of the idealist movement that dominated British philosophy from 1870 until the mid 1920s.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/c/caird.htm   

Capital Punishment Save
The issue of capital punishment involves determining whether the execution of criminals is ever justified.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/c/capitalp.htm   

Carnap, Rudolf Save
Extensive article about his life and work, by Mauro Murzi.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/c/carnap.htm   

Chinese Room Argument Save
John Searle's thought experiment is one of the best known counters to claims of artificial intelligence.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/c/chineser.htm   

Chrysippus Save
Prolific stoic of Soli, and disciple of Cleanthes.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/c/chrysipp.htm   

Cicero, Marcus Tullius Save
1st century BCE Roman orator and philosopher of the New Academy.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/c/cicero.htm   

Cleanthes Save
Stoic philosopher of Assus in Lydia, disciple of Zeno of Citium.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/c/cleanthe.htm   

Cudworth, Ralph Save
17th century 'Cambridge Platonist' who fought for preservation of religious ideals, including divine illumination.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/c/cudwor.htm   

Cumberland, Richard Save
17th century critic of Hobbes and the neo-Platonists.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/c/cumberla.htm   

Cyrenaics Save
Description of the Cyrenaic school of philosophy, which flourished from the 5th-3rd centuries BCE. The Cyrenaics were skeptics and hedonists.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/c/cyren.htm   

Damon Save
5th century BCE Pythagorean philosopher of Syracuse.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/d/damon.htm   

Davidson, Donald Save
Introduction to one of the most significant philosophers concerned with philosophy of mind and action of the 20th/21st century.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/d/davidson.htm   

Deism, English Save
Explores the deism of Hobbes, Locke, Tindal, and the influence of Hume.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/d/deismeng.htm   

Deism, French Save
The deism of Voltaire and Rousseau.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/d/deismfre.htm   

Democritus Save
4th century BCE philosopher of Abdera who expanded the atomic theory of Leucippus.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/d/democrit.htm   

Demonax Save
Philosopher of the second century CE. who tried to revive the philosophy of the Cynic School.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/d/demonax.htm   

Descartes, René Save
Early modern philosopher who rejected religious authority in the quest for scientific and philosophical knowledge.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/d/descarte.htm   

Dewey, John Save
Leading light of the 20th century American school of thought known as pragmatism.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/d/dewey.htm   

Diderot, Denis Save
The most prominent of the French Encyclopedists and one of the leaders of the Enlightenment.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/d/diderot.htm   

Diogenes Laertius Save
3rd century biographer of ancient Greek philosophers.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/d/dioglaer.htm   

Diogenes of Apollonia Save
Pupil of Anaximenes and contemporary of Anaxagoras in the 6th cn. BCE.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/d/diogapol.htm   

Diogenes of Sinope Save
4th cn. BCE cynic philosopher of Sinope.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/d/diogsino.htm   

Eckhart, Meister Save
13th century Dominican mystic who was almost forgotten until Franz von Baader revived his memory in the nineteenth century.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/e/eckhart.htm   

Eclecticism Save
Group of ancient philosophers who sought to reach by selection the highest degree of probability in the search for truth.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/e/eclectic.htm   

Egoism, Psychological and Ethical Save
Maintains that the individual self is the motivating moral force and the end of moral action.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/e/egoism.htm   

Emanation Save
The theory that all derived or secondary things flow from the primary.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/e/emanatio.htm   

Empedocles Save
5th century BCE philosopher who combined medical study with Orphic mysticism.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/e/empedocl.htm   

Encyclopedists Save
Group of French philosophers and men of letters who collaborated in the production of the famous Encyclopedie.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/e/encyclop.htm   

Epictetus Save
Eminent Stoic philosopher, born as a slave at Hieropolis in Phyrgia in 55 CE.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/e/epictetu.htm   

Epicurus Save
4th century BCE materialist, empiricist, and hedonist. One of the major philosophers of the Hellenistic period.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/e/epicur.htm   

Euclides Save
4th century BCE native of Megara, and founder of the Megarian or Eristic sect.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/e/euclides.htm   

Evolution Save
Introduces evolution through the ages, from the ancient Greeks, through Leibniz and Descartes to Darwin and Spencer.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/e/evolutio.htm   

Ferrier, James Frederick Save
The earliest absolute idealist in English philosophy.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/f/ferrier.htm   

Fichte, Immanuel Hermann Save
Aimed to secure a philosophical basis for the personality of God.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/f/fichteih.htm   

Fichte, Johann Gottlieb Save
One of the major figures in German philosophy in the period between Kant and Hegel.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/f/fichtejg.htm   

Freud, Sigmund Save
Lenghty article on the father of psychoanalysis who is generally recognised as one of the most influential and authoritative thinkers of the twentieth century.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/f/freud.htm   

German Idealism Save
The German reaction to empiricism, including related theories of Kant, Fichte, Hegel and others.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/g/germidea.htm   

God, Western Concepts of Save
Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy article on God from Socrates to Nietzsche.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/g/god-west.htm   

Gorgias Save
Greek sophist and rhetorician, known as "the Nihilist," born in 483 BCE.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/g/gorgias.htm   

Greek Philosophy Save
The philosophical currents of Ancient Greek philosophy are introduced, from the Presocratic philosophers through to Proclus.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/g/greekphi.htm   

Hölderlin, Johann Christian Friedrich Save
Examines the poet's role in the development of German Idealism.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/h/holderli.htm   

Hamilton, William Save
19th century exponent of the Scottish common-sense philosophy.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/h/hamilton.htm   

Hartmann, Karl Robert Eduard Von Save
19th century German philosopher who attempted to combine the idea of Hegel with the will of Schopenhauer in 'spiritual monism.'
http://www.iep.utm.edu/h/hartmann.htm   

Hegelians, St. Louis Save
19th century group of amateur American philosophers founded and led by William Torrey Harris.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/h/hstlouis.htm   

Helvetius, Claude Adrien Save
One of the 18th century Encyclopedists who held the skeptical and materialistic views common to that school of philosophy.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/h/helvetiu.htm   

Hempel, Carl Gustav Save
A leading member of logical positivism, the German philosopher died in 1997.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/h/hempel.htm   

Heraclitus Save
5th century BCE. Presocratic Greek philosopher.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/h/heraclit.htm   

Herbert of Cherbury, Edward Save
17th century historian, poet (brother of George), and philosopher. Sought to determine the nature and standard of truth, and conditions of knowledge. Precursor of the philosophy of Common Sense.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/h/herbert.htm   

Hippias Save
Hippias was a sophist, a contemporary of Socrates, and an enthusiast for universality.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/h/hippias.htm   

Hobbes, Thomas Save
17th century British philosopher. Author of Leviathan (1651).
http://www.iep.utm.edu/h/hobmoral.htm   

Hodgson, Shadworth Save
Follower of Kant, founder of the Aristotelian Society.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/h/hodgson.htm   

Humanism Save
Brief article on Erasmus and the Italian humanist movement.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/h/humanism.htm   

Hume, David Save
Enormously influential 18th century Scottish philosopher. Author of Treatise of Human Nature (1739-1740).
http://www.iep.utm.edu/h/humelife.htm   

Husserl, Edmund Save
Leader of the German phenomenological movement.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/h/husserl.htm   

Huxley, Thomas Henry Save
19th century zoologist and advocate of Darwinism.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/h/huxley.htm   

Identity Theory Save
Form of monistic materialism which maintains that mental states and brain activities are identical.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/i/identity.htm   

Interventionism Save
Examines the nature and justifications of interfering with another polity or choices made by individuals.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/i/interven.htm   

Jacobi, Friedrich Heinrich Save
18th century German philosopher, famous for effective criticism of Kant.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/j/jac...   

Just War Theory Save
Some of those who have attempted to justify war include Aquinas, Grotius, and Pufendorf.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/j/jus...   

Leucippus Save
5th century BCE founder of atomism.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/l/leu...   

Locke, John Save
Article on the life and work of the influential philosopher.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/l/loc...   

Lombard, Peter Save
French scholastic theologian of the 12th century, influenced by Abelard.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/l/lom...   

Lotze, Rudolf Hermann Save
19th century German philosopher who criticised the pantheism of Hegel.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/l/lot...   

Lucretius Save
Roman poet and advocate of Epicurean philosophy.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/l/luc...   

Menippus Save
Third century BCE Greek philosopher and satirist.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/m/men...   

Mill, John Stuart Save
19th leader and prophet of utilitarianism, heir to the Hume-Bentham line, and influential force in modern political theory. Author of On Liberty (1859), and Utilitarianism (1863).
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/m/mil...   

Moral Luck Save
Andrew Latus, St. Francis Xavier University, summarizes the discussion between Thomas Nagel and Bernard Williams on the question: Can luck ever make a moral difference?
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/m/mor...   

Moral Philosophy Save
Introduction to ethics, with links to other articles at the IEP.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/e/eth...   

Natural Law Save
Standards that govern human behavior objectively derived from the nature of human beings.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/n/nat...   

Natural Theology Save
Used in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries to describe knowledge of God drawn from nature.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/n/nat...   

Neoplatonism Save
The revival of Greek philosophy in 3rd century BCE, led by Plotinus and his disciple, Porphyry. Influenced by both Pythagoras and Plato.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/n/neo...   

Ockham, William of Save
Detailed biography of the 14th century Franciscan.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/o/ock...   

Origen Save
Father of the early Church, born around 182.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/o/ori...   

Paley, William Save
18th century British theologian.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/pal...   

Parmenides Save
Greek philosopher and poet.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/par...   

Peripatetics Save
Brief history of the Peripatetic doctrines.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/per...   

Plato Save
Biography and description of the philosophy of Plato.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/pla...   

Plotinus Save
3rd century CE founder of Neo-Platonism.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/plo...   

Poincaré, Jules Henri Save
19th century French philosopher of science.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/poi...   

Positivism, Legal Save
Theory that law is manufactured according to certain social conventions.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/l/leg...   

Prodicus Save
5th century BCE sophist, possibly a mentor of Socrates
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/pro...   

Protagoras Save
Early Greek sophist.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/pro...   

Pyrrho Save
4th century BCE founder of the Greek school of skepticism.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/pyr...   

Pythagoras Save
The 6th century BCE philosopher.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/pyt...   

Reichenbach, Hans Save
Leading German philosopher of science, and logical positivist.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/r/rei...   

Renaissance Save
Brief article on the transition between middle ages and modernity.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/r/ren...   

Rights, Human Save
A treatment of the origins and development of the theory of human rights, with philosophical analysis, justifications, and criticisms.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/h/hum...   

Roman Philosophy Save
Short introduction to Roman philosophy from the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/r/rom...   

Rousseau, Jean Jacques Save
18th century French author of the Social Contract, influential during the French Revolution.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/r/rou...   

Russell's Paradox Save
Examines self-referential linguistics used to describe properties and sets.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/par...   

Shaftesbury, Earl of Save
Patron of John Locke
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/sha...   

Shpet, Gustav Save
Leading proponent of Russian transcendental phenomenology.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/shp...   

Skepticism, Ancient Greek Save
A description of skepticism in Ancient Greece, led by Pyrrho.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/ske...   

Skepticism, Contemporary Save
Introduction to the current discussion of skepticism.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/ske...   

Social Contract Theory Save
View that morality is based on social agreements that serve the interests of those who make the agreement.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/s/soc-cont.htm   

Solipsism Save
The doctrine of the solipsist is that existence means my existence and that of my mental states.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/sol...   

Solovyov, Vladimir Save
19th century Russian philosopher.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/sol...   

Sophists Save
Teachers of philosophy in Ancient Greece, including Protagoras, Gorgias, Prodicus and Hippias.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/sop...   

Spinoza, Benedict Save
17th century pantheist, critic of Descartes.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/spi...   

Stephen, Leslie Save
19th century British academic.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/ste...   

Stilpo Save
4th century BCE member of the Megarean school.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/sti...   

Stirling, James Hutchison Save
19th century British Idealist, Hegelian academic.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/sti...   

Stoic Philosophy of Mind Save
Description of the philosophy of Mind of the Stoics, including the relationship between mind and body, perception, action-theory, and emotion.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/s/stoicmind.htm   

Stoicism Save
Description of the system of ethics, popular in Ancient Greece, which has physics as its foundation.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/sto...   

Symposium Save
Drinking-parties in Ancient Greece where the guests reclined on couches, and were crowned with garlands of flowers.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/sym...   

Synderesis Save
Scholastic philosophy describes this as the principle in moral consciousness which directs an agent to good.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/syn...   

Thales Save
Detailed biographical essay on the Ancient Greek philosopher.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/t/tha...   

Theophrastus Save
Philosopher of the Peripatetic school, successor to Aristotle at the Lyceum.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/t/the...   

Time Save
Long article about questions of time discussed throughout the history of philosophy.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/t/tim...   

Timon Save
3rd century BCE disciple of Pyrrho.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/t/tim...   

Truth Save
Philosophical theories on the nature of truth, by Bradley Dowden and Norman Swartz.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/t/tru...   

Vienna Circle Save
Organised the development of logical positivism in the 1920s. Included Carnap, Feigl, Frank, Gödel, Hahn, Kraft, Neurath, Waismann. Popper and Wittgenstein also had association with the Vienna Circle.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/v/vie...   

Virtue Theory Save
View that morality is the development of or virtues.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/v/vir...   

Voluntarism Save
Theory that God or the ultimate nature of reality is conceived as some form of will.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/v/vol...   

Warburton, William Save
18th century Church of England bishop, and critic of the Deists.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/w/war...   

Wittgenstein, Ludwig Save
Detailed essay on the life and work of the 20th century philosopher.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/w/wit...   

Xenophanes Save
Eleatic school, powerful 6th century BCE critic of polytheism.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/x/x-p...   

Xenophon Save
Pupil of Socrates, who contributed to the record of his life.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/x/xen...   

Zeno of Elea Save
5th century BCE Eleatic philosopher.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/z/zen...   

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